●辨析 consistent和constant
constant不断的，持续的，始终如一的。多指习惯性的重复和不变的持续。
如：He attributes his health to his constant exercise.他把自己身体健康的原因归于经常锻炼身体。
a constant temperature room 恒温室
consistent一致的，一贯的，连续的。
如：His action is always consistent with his words.他是一个言行一致的人。
a consistent improvement 持续好转
●辨析 continual和continuous
continual不断的，中间可有间歇。指事情在一段时间内屡次发生，而且这段时间较长，事情常令人不快。
如：Continual smoking is bad for health.频繁吸烟有害健康。
continual interruptions 连续不断的打扰。
continuous不断的，强调中间无间断。
如：Everything in the universe undergoes continuous change.宇宙间的玩物经历着不断变化。
six hours'continuous driving 连续开车6小时
●辨析 economic和economical
两个词都可译成"经济的"，但含义不同。
economic用以指与贸易、工业或财富等有关的"经济上的"或"有关经济学方面"的意义，一般用作定语。
如：They are faced with many economic problems.他们面临许多经济问题。
economical则指与"节约"同义的"经济"，相当于not wasteful。既可指人也可指物，既可作表语也可作定语。
如：This is an economical stove.这是一种经济煤炉。
●辨析 effective, efficient, proficient和sufficient
effective 有效果的。
如：The ads （广告） were simple, but remarkably effective.
efficient 效率高的。
如：He got a efficient secretary.
proficient 熟练的。
如：Martha's proficient in Swedish.
sufficient足够的。
如：His income is sufficient to keep him comfortable.
【例题】She is a very ______ secretary, she never forgets anything or makes a mistake
A. sufficient
B. effective
C. adequate
D. efficient
   『正确答案』D
『答案解析』句意：她是一个效率非常高的秘书，她从不忘事，也不出错。adequate足够的。
【真题1】 Encouragement is sometimes much more _______ than criticism.
A. effective
B. efficient
C. executive
D. extensive
   『正确答案』A
『答案解析』句意：有时候鼓励比批评有效果。
【真题2】Do you think they have ________ food for all these people here?
A. subsequent
B. beneficial
C. sufficient
D. average
   『正确答案』C
『答案解析』句意：你认为食物足够这里的人吃吗？
●辨析 either和neither
两者都可用作限定词和不定代词，可以构成关连词either…or（或者…或者），neither…nor（既不…也不…）。两者还都可以用作副词
either用在否定句中或否定词后，表示"也（不）"。
如：She didn't go and I didn't go either. 她不去，我也不去。
neither/nor则用于句首表示"也不"，语序要倒装。
如：She didn't go and neither did I. 她不去，我也不去。
【真题】I couldn't find Peter, ____did I know where he had gone.
A. never
B. either
C. nor
D. as
   『正确答案』C
『答案解析』句意：我找不到彼得，也不知道他去了哪里。nor"也不"，置于否定句之后，在nor之后接"助动词+主语+动词"或"be动词+主语"的倒装句。
●辨析 familiar with和familiar to
familiar with则表示"（某人）对（某事）是熟悉的，精通的"的意思。因此，句中的主语总是人称名词或代词，介词with后接事物名词。
如：We are all familiar with the three states of matter.我们都熟悉物质的三态。
familiar to表示"（某事）对（某人来说）是熟悉的"；因此，句子的主语总是表示事物的名词，介词to后接人称名词或代词的宾格形式。
如：This subject is familiar to us.我们熟悉这个课题。
●辨析 famous for和famous as
famous for表示"以……而出名"。
如：He is famous for his skill in playing football.他因球艺而出名。
famous as表示"作为……而出名"。
如：Mark Twin was famous as a children-story writer.马克·吐温作为儿童故事作家而著称。
●辨析 find和found
found v. 成立，建立，创办。
需要注意的是find的过去式是found，而found又可以是单独一个单词。
【真题】Lord Jim _____ a private school five years ago with the money he earned through hard work.
A. finds
B. found
C. founds
D. founded
   『正确答案』D
『答案解析』句意：吉姆老爷五年前用他自己辛勤工作挣下的钱建了一所私立学校。find"发现"，其过去式和过去分词都为found。found"建立，成立"，是规则动词，过去式和过去分词都是founded。
●辨析 hard和hardly
hard既可作形容词，意为"勤奋的；困难的"等；亦可作副词，表示"拼命地，努力地"的意思。
如：This is a hard work.这是一项艰苦的工作。
He worked hard when he was young.他年轻时，工作努力。
hardly只用作副词，意思是"几乎不，简直不"，它与seldom, scarcely等词一样，本身含有否定的意义，故在句中不能另加否定词。此外，hardly 位于句首时，该句采用倒装语序。
如：I hardly know what to say.我简直不知道说什么好。
What he said was hardly true.他说的话不会是真的。
Hardly can I endure this weather.我简直受不了这天气。
● 辨析 inferior, superior, junior, senior, prior
这几个单词本身具有比较的含义，因此没有比较级，后面跟的介词都是to，但是含义有所不同。
inferior: 次的，低劣的。
superior:更好的。
senior:年长的；地位高的。
junior:年幼的；地位低的。
prior to:在…之前。
【真题】She always felt inferior_____ her older sister.
A. with
B. from
C. to
D. on
   『正确答案』C
『答案解析』句意：她总觉得她不如她姐姐。inferior与to是固定搭配。
【真题】 This is much ________ to the one I bought last week.
A. worse
B. lower
C. inferior
D. equal
   『正确答案』C
『答案解析』句意：跟我上周买的相比，这个劣质的多。inferior与to是固定搭配，可以表示比较的含义。
【真题】This new instrument is far superior ________ the old one we bought three years ago.
A. than
B. to
C. over
D. of
   『正确答案』B
『答案解析』句意：这件新乐器比我三年前买的那件要好。superior与to是固定搭配。
【真题】This new machine is technically far ________ to the previous type.
A. superior
B. junior
C. senior
D. equal
   『正确答案』A
『答案解析』句意：这台新机器在性能上要比前一台要好。ABC三项都可以与to搭配，但从句意判断，A项最恰当。
【真题】All the arrangements should have been completed prior ________ our departure.
A. in
B. to
C. by
D. before
   『正确答案』B
『答案解析』句意：我们离开前，所有的一切都要安排好。prior与to是固定搭配。
● 辨析 inform和perform, reform
inform通知，告诉，报告。如：Keep me informed of
what happens. 有事随时通知我。
perform 做，施行，完成。如：The doctor performed
an operation to save his life. 医生动手术挽救了他的生命。
reform改革，改造，改良。如：The unfair salary
structure should be reformed. 应该改革不合理的工资结构。
● 辨析 inspect和respect
inspect 检查，调查，视察。如：The customs officer inspected my passport suspiciously. 海关官员颇为怀疑地检查了我的护照。
respect尊敬，尊重。如：I respect you for your honesty.由于你为人正直，我对你十分敬重。
● 辨析 be known as, be known for和be known to
be known for 意为"因……而著名"，其后所接内容表示某人或物的特点、特长等。如：Guilin is known for her beautiful mountains and rivers.桂林因其美丽的山水而闻名。
be known as 意为"作为……而著名"，其后的名词表示一个人的身份、职业等。如：Liu Huan is known as a singer. 刘欢作为一个歌手而出名。
be known to "为……所了解／知道"，其后接表示人的词语。"（人们都）知道"。如：He is known to all the people in our village.村子里的人都了解他。
【真题】Beijing is well ________ its beautiful scenery and the Great Wall.
A. known as
B. known to
C. known about
D. known for
   『正确答案』D
『答案解析』句意：北京以优美的景色和长城而闻名。be known for 意为"因……而著名"，其后所接内容表示某人或物的特点、特长等。
● 辨析 late, lately, later, latter和 latest
late可做形容词使用，有以下含义①迟的，例如：I was ten minutes late.我今天迟到了十分钟。②晚的；晚期的，例如：In the late afternoon, I will come back.下午晚些时候，我回来。
lately为副词，意为"近来，最近"，与recently同义。例如：They moved into a new house lately. 他们最近搬进了新房。
later除了可以作为late的比较级以外，还可单独作为副词使用，意为"后来，以后"。Later, Cary and Tim came to join us, too. 后来，Cary和Tim也参加到我们中间来了。
● 辨析 late, lately, later,latter和latest
latter形容词"后者的，后一半的"；也常和former一起构成名词性替代词，如"the former…the latter"。例如：He spent the latter half of his life in Oxford. 他的后半生是在牛津度过的。
latest 形容词"最新的"。如Newspaper will tell us about the latest fashions in clothes. 报纸会告诉我们服饰的最新样式。
【例题】In London, the best season of the year is probably ______ spring while in Beijing the best season is mid-autumn.
A. later
B. last
C. latter
D. late
   『正确答案』D
『答案解析』句意：在伦敦，一年中最好的季节大概是春末，可在北京，最好的季节则是中秋。late可做形容词使用，有以下含义：①迟的；②晚的；晚期的。
【真题】Given the choice between work and play, Tom would surely prefer the _____.
A. late
B. later
C. latter
D. last
   『正确答案』C
『答案解析』句意：工作和玩耍比较，汤姆当然更喜欢后者。latter形容词"后者的，后一半的"；也常和former一起构成名词性替代词，如"the former…the latter"。
● 辨析 lie with和lie in
lie with是…的责任。如：The responsibility lies with the driver.责任应由这个司机承担。
lie in在于。如：The difficulty lies in their great poverty.困难在于他们非常贫困。
【例题】-Who is responsible for sending out misinformation?
-Most of the fault lies _____ the administration.
A. in
B. to
C. on
D. with
   『正确答案』D
『答案解析』句意：-谁对消息的误传负责？-过失来自于管理人员。lie with：是…的责任。
● 辨析 probable, possible和likely
probable很可能的，大概的，语气较possible强。如：It is probable that the cost will be greater than we think.花费很可能比我们料想的要多。possible强调客观上可能性，但常带有"实际可能性很小"的暗示。如：It's possible, though not probable, that he will accept these terms. 他有可能接受这些条件，但希望很小。
likely暗示从表面迹象来判断"有可能的"。用于下列句型中：
1） It is likely that...。如：It is highly likely that he will succeed.很可能他会成功。2） think（feel, consider）it likely ...。如：I think it likely that we will get a certain amount of money.我认为他会得到一笔钱。3） be likely to do sth.。如：He is likely to see you again.他可能还会见到你。
【真题】She is very ________ to ring me tonight. I can sense that.
A. liable
B. possible
C. likely
D. likeable
   『正确答案』C
『答案解析』句意：她很可能今晚给我打电话。我能感觉到。be likely to do sth.：有可能做某事。
● 辨析 many和many a
many后面接可数名词的复数形式，后面的谓语动词用复数形式。
many a 后可以加不可数名词，也可以加可数名词单数，谓语动词用单数形式。如：
Many a famous pop star has been ruined by drugs. 很多著名的流行音乐歌星都因使用毒品而毁了自己。
I have been here many a time. 我曾多次到过这里。
Mother went home. Many a tear did she shed at night. 母亲回家了, 晚上她流了许多泪。
● 辨析 a number of和the number of
a number of表示数量短语，意思是"若干，许多，大量"，其后一般接复数可数名词。如：A number of scholars have done the experiment.许多学者已做了这项实验。
the number of是一名词短语，意为"……的数目"。复数的形式为the numbers of。作主语时，谓语动词应随the number的单复数变化。如：The number of students is increasing.学生人数正在不断增加。The numbers of the machine parts are not available.这些机器零件的号码找不到了。
● 辨析 pass和past
pass是动词，表示经过，通过。过去式和过去分词是passed, passed。如：When I passed the supermarket yesterday, I saw one of my friends. 昨天经过超市的时候看到了一个朋友。
past可以做形容词，表示（时间）过去的；早就过去的。如：I've been ill for the past three weeks.
我三周来一直在生病。
past还可以做介词，意思是在…之后。如：The time is half past 4. 现在是四点半。
● 辨析 principal和principle
principal主要的。如：The low salary is her principal reason for leaving the job. 工资太低是她辞去那工作的最重要的原因。
principle原则（名词）。如：Discussing all these details will get us nowhere; we must get back to first principles. 讨论这些枝节问题是毫无用处的，我们必须回到基本原则上来。
● 辨析 out of question和out of the question
out of question没问题，毫无疑问的
out of the question不可能
【例题】It is __________ to ask Mr. Blake for help. He is too busy.
A. in question
B. beyond question
C. out of question
D. out of the question
   『正确答案』D
『答案解析』句意：请Blake先生帮忙是不可能的。他现在很忙。out of the question：不可能。
● 辨析 respectable, respectful和respective
respectable 受人尊敬的。如：Mary is a respectable married woman. 玛莉是一位受人尊敬的女士。
respectful 尊敬人的。如：The soldiers lowered their heads in respectful silence.士兵们低头默哀，以示尊敬。
respective 各自的。如：The two friends said goodbye and went their respective ways.两位朋友道别后就各自走了。
【例题】Our attitude toward our teachers should be _____.
A. respectable
B. respected
C. respective
D. respectful
   『正确答案』D
『答案解析』句意：我们对老师应当尊敬。respectful：尊敬人的。
【例题】No one imagined that the apparently _____ businessman was really a criminal.
A. respectful
B. respectable
C. respective
D. respected
   『正确答案』B
『答案解析』句意：没有一人想象到这个看起来令人尊敬的商人竟是一个罪犯。respectable：受人尊敬的。
● 辨析 in return和in turn
in return 作为回报，作为报答。如：They let us use their computer, and in return we give them the results of our research. 他们让我们使用他们的计算机，作为回报，我们则向他们提供研究结果。
in turn 依次，轮流；相应地。如：That in turn damages their health. 这反过来损害他们的健康。
【真题】I gave John a present but he gave me nothing ________.
A. in return
B. in turn
C. in advance
D. in vain
   『正确答案』A
『答案解析』句意：我送给了约翰一件礼物，但他却没有回赠我什么。in return （for）"作为（对…的）报答或（回报）"；in turn"依次的，轮流的"；in advance"提前的，预先的"；in vain"徒劳的"。
【真题】I'm very grateful for your help and hope to do something for you_____in the future.
A. in exchange
B. instead
C. in return
D. in particular
   『正确答案』C
『答案解析』句意：对于你的帮助我非常感激，希望未来能够报答你。in return：作为回报，作为报答。
● 辨析 sensible和sensitive
这两个形容词都有"感觉的"含义，均可在句中作定语或表语。
sensible其后常接of介词短语或to介词短语，分别表示"知道的，觉察的"和"对…有感觉"的意思。如：He is sensible that he has made a grate mistake. 他觉察到自己犯了一个重大错误。His left eye is sensible to light.他的左眼对光线有所感觉。
sensitive强调感觉的敏锐激烈，常译为"敏感的"，其后常接介词to短语；它还可指价格，要求等"易拨动的"，仪器等"灵敏（度高）的"等。如：His skin was sensitive to the glaring sun.他苍白的皮肤对耀眼的阳光很敏感。Don't be so sensitive. I was only joking.别太敏感，我只不过是开个玩笑。
【真题】Professor Smith is always very ________ to the reaction of the audience when he gives lectures.
A. sentimental
B. sensitive
C. sensible
D. positive
   『正确答案』B
『答案解析』句意：史密斯教授演讲时对观众的反应非常敏感。sentimental"多情的，情深的"；sensitive"敏感的 （to），神经过敏的"；sensible"明智的"；positive"肯定的，赞同的"。
【真题】He was fully ________ of his own shortcomings.
A. sensitive
B. sensible
C. serious
D. sincere
   『正确答案』B
『答案解析』句意： 他知道自己的缺点。sensible其后常接of介词短语或to介词短语，分别表示"知道的，觉察的"和"对…有感觉"的意思。
● 辨析 sit, seat
sit是不及物动词，意思是"坐"，又是不规则动词，变化形式为：sit, sat, sat. 如：The baby sits at the table. 小孩坐在桌子上。
seat是及物动词，意思是"使…坐"。如：The baby is seated at the table. 小孩坐在桌子上。
● 辨析 sleep, sleepy和asleep
这三个词都有"睡"的意义，但其涵义，词性和用法有异。
sleep是动词，"睡觉"。
sleepy是形容词，既可作表语，亦可作定语。用作前者，意为"困乏的"。如：He was so sleepy that he could hardly keep his eyes open.他瞌睡得很，两只眼睛都快睁不开了。
asleep也是形容词，一般用作表语，意为"睡着"，强调动作的结果，它不能用very修饰，只可用much, fast, sound 等词修饰。如：The baby is soundly asleep.那婴儿睡得很熟。fall asleep入睡
【真题】I was so tired then that I fell _____ in class.
A. asleep
B. sleep
C. sleeping
D. slept
   『正确答案』A
『答案解析』句意：我很困，以至于上着课就睡着了。fall asleep：入睡。
● 辨析 sometime和sometimes, some time, some times
sometime曾经，在某时候。如：Kate will be back sometime in February.凯特将在2月某个时候回来。
sometimes 有时。如：Joan goes to school on foot, but sometimes by bike.琼步行上学，但有时也骑自行车去。
some time一段时间。如：I'll stay here for some time.我将在这儿呆一段时间.
some times几次。如：I have been to the Great Wall some times.我去过长城几次。
【真题】The manager of the company sent me a fax saying that he would visit us _______ next spring.
A. some time
B. sometime
C. sometimes
D. some times
   『正确答案』B
『答案解析』句意：公司的经理给我发来一份传真，说他明年春天的某个时候来访。sometime：曾经，在某时候。
● 辨析 source和resource
source来源。如：Renewable sources of energy must be used. 必须使用可再生能源。water source水源
resource 资源。如：This region is rich in natural resources. 这个地区自然资源丰富。human resource 人力资源
【真题】The story was said to have been based on the information from a reliable____.
A. source
B. foundation
C. origin
D. basis
   『正确答案』A
『答案解析』句意：据说这个故事的消息来源非常可靠。source：来源。
【例题】Do you know the ____ of the saying I just quoted?
A. course
B. cause
C. resource
D. source
   『正确答案』D
『答案解析』句意：你知道我说的这个谚语的来源吗？source：来源。
● 辨析 successful和successive
successful成功的。如：He is a successful businessman. 他是一位成功的商人。
successive连续的。如：The basketball team has had five successive victories.篮球队连赢五场。
【例题】To a novice, problems and trials seem to come ______ while to an expert any challenge presents an opportunity.
A. successfully
B. seriously
C. successively
D. sufficiently
   『正确答案』C
『答案解析』句意：对一个新手来说问题和考验似乎接踵而来，但对一个行家来说任何挑战都意味着一次机遇。successfully成功地；seriously严重地；successively相继地；sufficiently足够地。
● 辨析 in no time, at no time, at a time, at one time
in no time 立即，马上。如：We'll have that leak fixed in no time. 我们马上就把那个漏洞补上。
at no time 在任何时候都不; 决不At no time should you give up studying. 任何时候你都不应该放弃学习。
at a time 每次，一次。如：Don't try to do everything at once; take it a bit at a time. 不要什么事情都一块儿干，要一次做一点儿。
at one time从前，曾经。如： At one time 400 men, women and children lived in the village. 曾经有400个男人、女人和孩子居住在村子里。
【真题】Wait a moment, please. Richard will be back _______.
A. in no time
B. at no time
C. at times
D. at a time
   『正确答案』A
『答案解析』句意：请稍等，理查德马上就会回来。in no time：立即，马上。
● 辨析 be tired from/with和be tired of
be tired from/with侧重于身体上的疲倦"因为…而感到疲倦"。如：I'm tired from/with doing homework.我做作业做得很累。
be tired of侧重于精神上的厌倦，表示厌烦做某事。如：I'm tired of doing homework.我讨厌做作业。
【真题】I am _____ of the same old breakfast every morning.
A. worn out
B. tired
C. ill
D. exhausted
   『正确答案』B
『答案解析』句意：我厌恶了每天早晨吃同样的早餐。be tired of侧重于精神上的厌倦，表示厌烦做某事。
【真题】I don't like to disturb you, because you're quite tired ________ working hard today.
A. of
B. with
C. out
D. on
   『正确答案』B
『答案解析』句意：我不想去打扰你，因为你今天努力工作了一天，已经很疲劳了。be tired of的意思是"对…感到厌倦"，不符合题意。tired out "精疲力竭的"，是一个不及物动词短语，后面不能接宾语。只有with在这里表示原因。如：His face turned red with anger. "他因为生气而涨红了脸"，所以选择B。
● 辨析 tone和tune
tone音调，声调；腔调，语气。如：The speaker urged us in ringing tones to support his cause. 演讲者以激昂的语气要求我们支持他的事业。
tune曲子，曲调。如：Modern music has no tune to it. 现代音乐毫无旋律可言。
● 辨析 transform和translate, transport
transform转变，变形，变革。如：She used to be terribly shy, but a year abroad has completely transformed her. 她过去十分腼腆，但在国外呆了一年以后完全变了。
transport v. 运输，搬运。如：Trains transport the coal to the ports. 火车把煤运到港口。
translate 翻译。如：These jokes would be far too difficult to translate. 这些笑话也许极其难译。
【真题】This place, originally a small town, has been ________ into a modern city.
A. transported
B. transferred
C. transmitted
D. transformed
   『正确答案』D
『答案解析』句意：此地原来是个小镇，现在已经成了一个现代化的城市。transport"运输"；transfer"转移；调动"。transmit"发射，播送"；transform"改变，使转化"。
● 辨析 used to do和be used to doing, be used to do
used to do表示过去常常做某事。如: I used to live in that house.
be used to doing表示习惯于做某事。如：I am used to getting up early.
be used to do表示被用来做某事。如：The wood is used to heat the water.
【真题】John likes Chinese food. But he ________ eating with chopsticks.
A. is used to
B. used to
C. isn't used to
D. didn't used to
   『正确答案』C
『答案解析』句意：约翰喜欢中国食品。但是他不习惯吃饭用筷子。be used to doing表示习惯于做某事。
● 辨析 variable和various
variable多变的，易变的。如: The variable weather is a great trial to me. 这种多变的天气真是让我受不了。
various各种各样的。如:Their hobbies are many and various. 他们的业余爱好五花八门。
【真题】So _______ is the weather in England that by lunchtime there could be thunder and lightening.
A. various
B. varies
C. variable
D. variation
   『正确答案』C
『答案解析』variable：多变的，易变的。符合句意。
● 辨析 in the way, in a way, in no way, on the way
in the way 挡道；妨碍（某人），如：Tell the boy not to stand in the way.叫那个男孩别挡道碍事。
in a way 在某种程度上；用某种方法（做某事）。
in no way 决不；一点也不，常用来加强语气。如：They are in no way similar to each other.他们毫无相似之处。
on the way 在途中，其后常接to，表示"在去某地或做某事的路上"。
● 辨析 worth, worthwhile, worthy
worth值……钱，值得……的。如:Our house is worth about 60000. 我们的房子约值60000英镑。The book is worth reading. 这本书值得一读。
worthwhile值得的。如:Nursing is a very worthwhile career. 护理工作是很值得干的职业。
worthy ①有价值的，可尊敬的。如:He is a worthy man. 他是个值得尊敬的人。②值得的，配得上的。如: Their efforts are worthy of your support. 他们这样努力应得到你的支持。【搭配】be worthy of 值得……的
第二部分　近义词
● 辨析  accept和receive
accept 表示"接受"，而receive表示"接到，收到"。
如：I received an invitation yesterday, but I didn't accept it.我昨天收到了他的邀请，但没接受。
【真题】He is an honest official and never ____ any gifts from people who sought his help.
A. received
B. accepted
C. expected
D. took up
   『正确答案』B
『答案解析』句意：他是一个诚实的军官，从来不接受任何来自向他求助的人的礼物。expect期望；take up开始从事，着手处理。
【真题】So far I haven't_____ any instructions as to what to do next.
A. received
B. accepted
C. achieved
D. recovered
   『正确答案』A
『答案解析』句意：迄今为止，我没有收到下一步工作的指令。achieve获得；recover恢复。