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自考00012英语一-Unit 1 Foreign Language Learning【语法-时态】

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Grammar in Focus

时态(Tense)

  时态(Tense)常用12种时态的构成及用法

  构成:时间(time)和形式(aspect)的结合


  1)一般现在时:

  At that time, people didn't know that the earth moves.

  When they leave school, they will go home.

  If it is fine tomorrow, I will go out for a picnic.

  2)一般过去时:He bought a car in 1995.

  3)一般将来时:They will leave for Hong Kong tomorrow.

  4)过去将来时:He asked me where I would spend my holidays.

  5)现在进行时:Mother is waiting for me now.

  6)过去进行时:What were you doing at 6 p.m. last night

  7)将来进行时:I shall be flying to Shanghai at three tomorrow afternoon.

  8)现在完成时:I haven't seen her since 1999.

  9)过去完成时:When I came to her home, she had already left.

  10)将来完成时:I'm sure he will have left Tokyo by this time tomorrow.

  11)现在完成进行时:She has been looking for her boss for almost an hour.

  12)过去完成进行时:The telephone had been ringing for three minutes before somebody answered it.

  英语中,表示动作或状态发生或存在于不同的时间,谓语动词就要采用不同的形式,这种不同的动词形式在传统语法中称为时态( tenses )。英语时态纷繁复杂,用法各不相同。各类大型考试中常见的时态主要有将来完成时、过去完成时、现在完成时、一般过去时、现在进行时和一般将来时。

  一、将来完成时

  将来完成时表示将来某一时间之前已经完成的动作或存在状态,也可用来表示推测。句中通常有一个明确表示将来时间的状语,如by或before 引导的表示将来时间的介词词组或从句。

  By the time the course ends, we will have learnt a lot about each other.

  By the year 2020, scientists probably will have discovered a cure for cancer.

  I have been studying here for four years. By next summer I shall have graduated.

  二、过去完成时

  过去完成时表示在过去某一时间以前已经完成的动作或存在的状态,常伴有by, before等介词或连词引导的表示到过去某一时间为止的时间状语。

  Mr. Smith had learned some Chinese before he came to China in 1975.

  Until yesterday, his family hadn't heard from him for three weeks.

  注意:

  过去完成时总是表示在过去某一时间或动作发生以前,另一动作已经发生或完成。先发生的动作常用过去完成时表示,后发生的动作则多用一般过去时表示。因此,可以认为过去完成时是相对于过去某一时刻的过去,即过去的过去。

  提示:

  ● No sooner…than, hardly…when, scarcely… when等句型中,先发生的动作用过去完成时表示,后发生的动作用一般过去时表示。

  Hardly had he finished his speech when the audience started cheering.

  We had no sooner got out than it began to rain.

  ● hope, intend, mean, expect, assume, want, suppose, understand 等动词的过去完成时常常用来表示“本来希望(指望)”“原打算”“原以为”等。

  I had assumed that you would not come here today in this terrible weather.

  三、现在完成时

  现在完成时主要有两种用法,一种是“已经完成”,即谓语动词表示的动作或状态已经完成或结束;另一种是“尚未完成”,即谓语动词表示的动作或状态已经持续一段时间,但有可能会继续持续下去。这种时态强调动作对现在依然有着某种影响。

  I have been to the Great Wall three times since 1979.

  The prices of many kinds of medicine have been reduced recently.

  We haven't seen each other since we graduated in 1995.

  提示:

  ● 现在完成时常与表示一段时间的状语如since, for two (three… )years (months, weeks), so far, up till now, in recent (past) years等连用。

  ● 非延续性动词(动词表示的动作不可持续较长的时间,又称短暂动词),如join, marry, die, find, fall, come, knock, awaken等可以用于完成时态,但不可与表示一段时间的状语连用。表达这种意思时常用表示状态的结构,如I have been without my keys for a week.

  ● 现在完成时与现在情况相关联,强调过去的动作对现在的影响,而一般过去时仅仅表示过去的事情,与现在情况没有联系。

  四、一般过去时

  一般过去时用于表示一个发生或存在于过去某个时间的动作、状态或习惯。一般过去时表示的过程无论时间长短,无论是状态还是动作,都已成为过去,现已未复存在。一般情况下,该时态总是伴有一个明确表示过去时间的状语,如then, at that time, just now, five years ago 等,或由when, while 等引导的表示过去时间的状语从句。

  My boss had a talk with me this morning.

  I cleaned the room only an hour ago and now it's dirty again.

  At the last meeting, Mr. Brown was elected chairman of the committee.

  提示:

  “used to+动词原形”用于表示过去的习惯性动作或状态,含有“过去曾经……,但现在不……”的意思,仅用于过去时。注意:be used to 意思是“习惯于”,其中to是介词,后面只能接名词或动名词。

  We used to go swimming when we were at college.

  My brother used to be a chain smoker a few years ago.

  五、现在进行时

  主要表示此刻或现阶段正在进行的动作或发生的情况。现在进行时的这一用法可以不用时间状语,也可以和now, at the moment 等时间状语连用。

  Steve is studying Chinese at Peking University.

  He is writing a book about theories on human behaviour.

  提示:

  ● 现在进行时还可用来表示按计划或安排即将发生的动作,多用于表示位置转移的动词,如go, come, leave, arrive, start等。如:

  She is coming next week and is staying here until August.

  ● 现在进行时还可用于表示一个频繁发生的动作,这时通常与always, forever, continually, constantly 等副词连用,表达一种强烈的感情色彩。如:

  Alice is always complaining about the terrible cold weather here.

  六、一般将来时

  表示在未来某个时间将要发生的动作或存在的状态。这种时态通常后接一个表示将来的时间状语,如tomorrow, next week (month, year), soon 等。

  I will consider your proposal carefully and inform you of my decision as soon as possible.

  Next week, my daughter will be ten years old.

  一般将来时还有其他几种常见表达,如be going to, be about to do, be to do 等。

  Next year, we are going to spend our summer vacation in the Mediterranean.

  George is putting on weight. He is going to be quite fat.

  If the Prime Minister is to speak on television, I suppose that means there's another crisis.

  七、时态的呼应

  时态的呼应在语法上也称为时态的一致,指在主从复合句中,主句和从句之间的时态必须保持一致。主句谓语动词的时态常常直接影响和决定着从句谓语动词的时态。时态呼应的一般原则是,当主句谓语动词使用现在时或将来时的时候,从句谓语动词可根据具体情况,使用所需要的各种时态。当主句谓语动词使用过去时的时候,从句谓语动词必须便用过去时态中的某种形式;但如果从句中表示的是不受时间限制的科学事实、格言或客观真理,则从句谓语动词依然使用一般现在时。

  She says she is now an engineering student at Harvard University.

  His relative couldn't understand why he spent so much money on books.

  The teacher told them that since light travels much faster than sound, lighting appears to arrive before thunder.

  Exercises

  Directions: Choose the best answer to each of the following questions.

  1. By the end of last year, I _____ in this college for ten years.

  A) have worked

  B) had worked

  C) worked

  D) have been working

【正确答案】B

【答案解析】译文:截至去年年底,他已经在这所大学工作10年了。本题考查过去完成时的用法。题中by the end of last year 是一个到过去某一时间(此处是去年)为止的时间状语,指去年年底以前一直存在的状态,符合过去完成时的用法。A是现在完成时的构成;C是一般过去时;D是现在完成进行时。答案为B。

  2. The station master told us the train ______ five minutes before.

  A) left

  B) has left

  C) had left

  D) had been left

【正确答案】C

【答案解析】译文:火车站站长告诉我们火车5分钟前已经开了。本题考查过去完成时的用法。“火车开走了”发生在“站长告诉我”这个动作之前,即过去的过去,因此应该用过去完成时。A是一般过去时;B是现在完成时;D是过去完成时的被动语态,leave 在此处指离开、出发,是不及物动词,用被动语态本身就是错误的。答案为C。

  3. When he was in Hangzhou, he visited the places where he ______ as a child.

  A) played

  B) has played

  C) had played

  D) had been playing

【正确答案】C

【答案解析】译文:在杭州的时候,他游览了儿时玩过的地方。本题包含两个从句:由 when引导的时间状语和由where 引导的定语从句。从主句的visited 可以判断从句要用过去的某种时态(本章讲过的时态呼应),B错;从题意可知,这里讲的是他去杭州之前已经完成的动作,要用过去完成时。A是一般过去时,显然不是和visited同时发生的;D是过去完成进行时,指的是过去发生的动作对现在造成影响或过去存在的状态一直持续到现在,显然不合题意。答案为C。

  4. A great number of small power stations_______ in this country since liberation.

  A) have set up

  B) have been set up

  C) were set up

  D) set up

【正确答案】B

【答案解析】译文:自解放以来,这个国家建立了许多小型发电站。首先从主语A great number of small power station和谓语set up之间的关系可以判断本题要用被动语态,A和D错误。再从since引导的时间状语可判断要用完成时,C错。答案为B。

  5. When she ______all the magazine, she'll come back home.

  A) has sold

  B) will sell

  C) sell

  D) would sell

【正确答案】A

【答案解析】译文:她卖完所有杂志就会回家。从句意可知sell 这个动作只有完成了才能对我回家产生效果或影响,此处要用现在完成时。答案为A。

  6. They will not decide their attitude until they _______ what the speaker has to say.

  A) hear

  B) will hear

  C) will have heard

  D) have heard

【正确答案】D

【答案解析】译文:他们在演讲者讲完之后才会表明态度。本题是由not…until…(直到……才……)引导的时间状语从句。从句意可知此处讲的是现在完成的动作对将来产生的影响,要用现在完成时态。A为一般现在时,B为一般将来时,C为将来完成时。答案为D。

  7. Carey didn't go to the party last night because she ______the baby for her sister until 9:30.

  A) must have looked after

  B) would have to look after

  C) had to look after

  D) should have looked after

【正确答案】C

【答案解析】译文:因为要帮助姐姐照看孩子一直到九点半,Carey昨晚没参加聚会。首先判断这四个情态动词的用法:must意为“必须”,指主观意愿;would意为“将要”,指决心和意愿;have to意为“不得不”,指客观需要;should意为“应该”,指建议、警告等。A和C是情态动词接完成时的用法,A表示对过去发生的事情的肯定推测;C表示本来应该做,但是实际没做,均不合题意。B指将不得不照看孩子,时态与主句的didn't不符。根据句意可知本句是对过去客观事实的陈述,并没带有情感色彩,因此用一般过去时。答案为C。

  8. I would have gone to see him in the hospital had it been at all possible, but I _____fully occupied the whole of last week.

  A) were

  B) had been

  C) have been

  D) was

【正确答案】D

【答案解析】译文:如果有可能的话我将会去医院看他,但是我上周一直很忙。此处had it been…这个倒装句相当于条件句,表示假设。主句would have gone表示本该做但是没做,是对过去事情的虚拟。后半句指在过去某一时间(last week),我的真实状态,属于对现实的客观描述,因此应用一般过去时。答案为D。

  9. Tom ______ eat out every day, but now he can't afford it.

  A) used

  B) used to

  C) is used to

  D) was used to

【正确答案】B

【答案解析】译文:Tom过去每天都下馆子,但是他现在没钱下馆子。本题考查use的用一法:A是use的过去式;used to意为“过去常常”;be used to意为“被用来……”。还有一种用法是used to doing意为“习惯做……”。根据句意B正确。答案为B。

  10. Now it's 4:50 already, and the rain ______ down like this. They must be waiting for us impatiently.

  A) pours

  B) pouring

  C) is pouring

  D) poured

【正确答案】C

【答案解析】译文:现在已经4点50了,雨还是这样一直下着。他们肯定等我们等得不耐烦了。首先第一个句子由and连接两个分句,and后面的分句缺少谓语动词,B不能作谓语。从句意可知雨一直下,表示持续的状态,要用现在进行时。答案为C。

  11. She ______ law while her brother is doing modern languages.

  A) studies

  B) studying

  C) is studying

  D) study

【正确答案】C

【答案解析】译文:她学法律,而她哥哥学习现代语言。本题是由while引导的两个并列分句,前面句子缺少谓语动词,B不能作谓语;D用在she后面本身就是错误的;while前后引导两个并列的句子,前后时态要一致。答案为C。

  12. He _______ somebody creeping into the house through the open window last night.

  A) saw

  B) was seeing

  C) is seeing

  D) has been

【正确答案】A

【答案解析】译文:昨晚他看见有人从敞开的窗户爬进屋子。首先从时间状语last night判断本题要用过去的时态,C和D错误。see是短暂性动词,不能用于进行时来表示持续的状态,B错。A表示看到的结果,符合题意。答案为A。

  13. Great efforts to increase agricultural production must be made if food shortages_____ avoided.

  A) are to be

  B) can be

  C) will be

  D) has been

【正确答案】A

【答案解析】译文:要避免粮食短缺,必须加大力度提高粮食产量。be to do 表示事先商定、安排或准备要做的事情;表示可能性,必要、责任、义务、禁止等。will do表示主观意愿将要做某事。B表示粮食短缺能够避免,D表示粮食短缺已经避免,都不合题意。显然此处是提前计划避免粮食短缺,而不是主观意愿,要用A。答案为A。

  14. Will you call them up and tell them we'll start as soon as the rain_____

  A) stop

  B) stops

  C) is to stop

  D) is going to stop

【正确答案】B

【答案解析】译又:你能打电话告诉他们雨一停我们就出发吗?as soon as指“一……就……”,在它引导的时间状语从句中,遵循主将从现原则。另外rain是不可数名词,其后动词要用单数,A错;C和D都是一般将来时,不符合句意。答案为B。

  15. By the time you have completed the essential training, you _____exposed to virtually every new feature of the course.

  A) will have been

  B) will be

  C) would have been

  D) would be

【正确答案】A

【答案解析】译文:完成了基本培训,你将从本质上接触这门课的所有新特征。从句意可知本题是表示将来某一时间之前存在的状态,即接触这门课的新特征。另外主语you与谓语expose之间存在被动关系。因此应填入将来完成时的被动语态。答案为A。



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