笔记讲义
课程名字：自考00015《英语二》基础精讲课程讲义【笔记】
依据教材版本：
教材名称：英语（二）
教材主编：张敬源/张虹
出 版 社：外语教学与研究出版社
版  次：2012年
课程目录：
Unit 1 The Power of Language 1
Unit 2 Mistake to Success 20
Unit 3 Friendship and Loyalty 40
Unit 4 The Joy of Work 57
Unit 5 Keeping Your Dreams Alive 84
Unit 6 The Value of Money 107
Unit 7 Inner Voice 125
Unit 8 The Great Minds 144
Unit 9 Facing Life's Challenges 179
Unit 10 Ode to Public Transport 202
Unit 11 Cyber World 226
　Unit 1 The Power of Language
　　学习方法指南
　　五个方面把握文章
　　1）词 2）句 3）篇 4）义
　　5）背诵或复述重点段落（当天重复，第二天再重复，七天后再重复）
　　课后习题
　　1）结合课文里出现的点，完成题目
　　2）标记不熟练的题目，当天重复一遍，第二天再重复一遍，考前再重复一遍
Unit 1 The Power of Language
　　A FAMOUS QUOTE
　　Language is the dress of thought.
　　　　　　　　　--Samuel Johnson
　　语言是思维的外衣。
　　　　　　　　　--塞缪尔·约翰逊
Text A Critical Reading
　　Pre-reading questions
　　1.Do you usually challenge the idea an author represents? What do you think is active reading?
　　2.What suggestions do you expect the author will give on reading critically?
　　Vocabulary 词汇
　　四点要求
　　1.音
　　2.义
　　3.衍生变化
　　4.用法/搭配
　　New Words
　　critical adj.involving making fair, careful judgments about the good and bad qualities of somebody/something 有判断力的；判断公正（或审慎的）
　　non-fiction n.books, articles or texts about real facts, people and events 纪实文学
　　position n.an opinion on or an attitude towards a particular subject 观点；态度；立场
　　statement n.something that you say or write that gives information or an opinion 说明；说法；表态
　　question v.to have or express doubts or suspicions about something 表示疑问；怀疑
　　evaluate vt.to form an opinion of the amount, value or quality of something after thinking about it carefully 估计；评价，评估
　　context n.the situation in which something happens and that helps you to understand it （事情发生的）背景，环境，来龙去脉
　　value n.values 　　represent v.to present or describe somebody/something in a particular way 描述；表现
　　assertion n.a statement saying that you strongly believe something to be true 明确肯定；断言
　　sufficient adj.enough for a particular purpose 足够的；充足的
　　statistic n.statistics 　　integrate v.to combine two or more things so that they work together （使）合并，成为一体
　　authority n.a person with special knowledge 专家；学术权威；泰斗
　　compare v.to examine people or things to see how they are similar and how they are different 比较；对比
　　subject n.a thing or person that is being discussed, described or dealt with 主题；题目；题材
　　consistent adj.in agreement with something 相符的；符合的
　　inconsistency n.a situation in which two statements are different and cannot both be true 不一致
　　assumption n.a belief or feeling that something is true or that something will happen, although there is no proof 假定；假设
　　case n.a particular situation or a situation of a particular type 具体情况；事例
　　directly adv.in a direct line or manner 直接地；径直地
　　identify v.to find or discover somebody/something 找到；发现
　　valid adj.based on what is logical or true 符合逻辑的；合理的；确凿的
　　credible adj.that can be believed or trusted 可信的；可靠的
　　landmark n.an event, a discovery, an invention, ect.that marks an important stage in something （标志重要阶段的）里程碑
　　relevant adj.closely connected with the subject you are discussing or the situation you are thinking about 紧密相关的；切题的
　　current adj.happening now 现时发生的；当前的
　　appropriate adj.suitable, acceptable or correct for the particular circumstances 合适的；恰当的
　　bias n.a strong feeling in favour of or against one group of people, or one side in an argument, often.not based on fair judgement 偏见；偏心；偏向
　　considerably adv.much; a lot 非常；很；相当多地
　　Democrat n.a member or supporter of the Democratic Party of the US （美国）民主党党员，民主党支持者
　　Republican n.a member or supporter of the Republican Party of the US （美国）共和党党员，共和党支持者
　　reflect v.to show or be a sign of the nature of something or of somebody's attitude or feeling 显示；表明；表达
　　informed adj.having or showing a lot of knowledge about a particular subject or situation 有学问的；有见识的
　　重点词汇
　　critical adj.involving making fair, careful judgments about the good and bad qualities of somebody/something 有判断力的；判断公正（或审慎的）
　　eg: Try to develop a more critical attitude, instead of accepting everything at face value.要学会对一切事物一丝不苟, 而不要注重表面现象.
　　其他用法：of or at a crisis; decisive; crucial 危机中的；危急时刻的；决定性的；关键的
　　eg: We are at a critical time in our history.我们正处于历史的紧要关头。
　　衍生：criticize, criticise vt.
　　① ~ sb/sth （for sth） point out the faults of sb/sth 批评某人　　eg: Stop criticizing （my work）! 别再挑剔（我那作品）了!
　　② form and express a judgment on （a work of art, literature, etc） 评论（艺术﹑文学等作品）
　　eg: teaching students how to criticize poetry 向学生讲授评论诗歌的方法
　　criticism n.looking for faults; pointing out faults 批评
　　evaluate vt.to form an opinion of the amount, value or quality of something after thinking about it carefully 估计; 评价，评估
　　eg: I can't evaluate his ability without seeing his work.我没有看到他的工作情况, 无法评论他的能力。
　　衍生: Val=value, worth 价值
　　valuable（有价值的）, invaluable（无法估价的）, devaluate（贬值）, evaluate（估价）, undervalue（低估）
　　consistent adj.in agreement with something 相符的；符合的
　　用法: be ~ with sth
　　eg：What you say now is not consistent with what you said last week.你现在说的话与你上星期说过的话不相符。
　　衍生：consistency 一致
　　inconsistency 不一致
　　identify vt.to find or discover somebody/ something 找到；发现
　　eg：She identified the man as her attacker.她认出那个男人就是袭击过她的人。
　　衍生：identification n.means of proving who one is; official papers that do this 身份证明
　　eg： Can I see your identification, please? 请给我看看你的身分证件行吗?
　　identity n who or what sb/sth is 身份
　　eg：There is no clue to the identity of the thief.没有确定窃贼身份的线索。
　　identity card （also ID card） 身份证（通常有相片，供本人携带或佩带）
　　credible adj.that can be believed or trusted 可信的；可靠的
　　eg: a credible witness/statement/report 可信的证人/陈词/报道
　　衍生：-able/ible "可…的，能…的"
　　believable可信的，acceptable 可接受的，desirable值得要的，accessible可接近，flexible 灵活的
　　credibility n.quality of being believable 可信性；可靠性
　　-ability/ibility "可…性":
　　eg: adaptability 适应能力, dependability 可靠性
　　apply vi.
　　①~ （to sb/sth） be relevant （to sb/sth）; have an effect （与某人/某物）有关；有效；适用
　　eg: These rules don't always apply.这些规则并非总能行得通。
　　②make a formal request 申请；请求
　　apply for sth
　　eg: apply for a post/passport/visa 申请职位/护照/签证
　　apply to sb
　　eg: I applied to four universities and was accepted by all of them.我申请了四所大学，并都被他们录取了。
　　课文学习
　　议论文
　　把握观点：中心观点、段落观点
　　把握结构：文章结构、段落结构、衔接手段
　　topic sentence （主题句）
　　＝topic （主题） ＋ controlling idea（观点）
　　篇章核心，段落灵魂
　　Beijing is a modern city.
　　Beijing is an ancient city.
　　结构
　　总--分--总 总--分
　　段落构成
　　1.主题句（Topic Sentence）：点出段落的主题（谈论什么）。
　　2.扩展句（Developing Sentence）：说明和支持主题。
　　3.结尾句（Concluding Sentence）：得出结论。
　　文章
　　观点--论证--结论
Text A Critical Reading
　　Critical reading applies to non-fiction writing in which the author puts forth a position or seeks to make a statement.Critical reading is active reading.It involves more than just understanding what an author is saying.Critical reading involves questioning and evaluating what the author is saying, and forming your own opinions about what the author is saying.Here are the things you should do to be a critical reader.
　　Consider the context of what is written.You may be reading something that was written by an author from a different cultural context than yours.Or, you may be reading something written some time ago in a different time context than yours.In either case, you must recognize and take into account any differences between your values and attitudes and those represented by the author.
　　Question assertions made by the author.Don't accept what is written at face value.Before accepting what is written, be certain that the author provides sufficient support for any assertions made.Look for facts, examples, and statistics that provide support.Also, look to see if the author has integrated the work of authorities.
　　Compare what is written with other written work on the subject.Look to see that what is written is consistent with what others have written about the subject.If there are inconsistencies, carefully evaluate the support the author provides for the inconsistencies.
　　Analyze assumptions made by the author.Assumptions are whatever the author must believe is true in order to make assertions.In many cases, the author's assumptions are not directly stated.This means you must read carefully in order to identify any assumptions.Once you identify an assumption, you must decide whether or not the assumption is valid.
　　Evaluate the sources the author uses.In doing this, be certain that the sources are credible.For example, Einstein is a credible source if the author is writing about landmark achievements in physics.Also be certain that the sources are relevant.Einstein is not a relevant source when the subject is poetry.Finally, if the author is writing about a subject in its current state, be sure that the sources are current.For example, studies done by Einstein in the early 20th century may not be appropriate if the writer is discussing the current state of knowledge in physics.
　　Identify any possible author bias.A written discussion of American politics will likely look considerably different depending on whether the writer is a Democrat or a Republican.What is written may very well reflect a biased position.You need to take this possible bias into account when reading what the author has written.That is, take what is written with "a grain of salt."
　　By being a critical reader, you will become better informed and may change your views as appropriate.
　　Critical reading involves questioning and evaluating what the author is saying, and forming your own opinions about what the author is saying.Here are the things you should do to be a critical reader.
　　1）Consider the context of what is written.
　　2）Question assertions made by the author.
　　3）Compare what is written with other written book on the subject.
　　4）Analyze assumptions made by the author.
　　5）Evaluate the sources the author uses.
　　6）Identify any possible author bias.
　　语法学习
　　1.把握结构，理解内涵
　　2.结合例句，结合文章
　　关系副词引导的定语从句
　　①先行名词+where/ in（on/at） which
　　eg: College is a place where/in which we learn how to learn.大学是学会如何学习的地方。
　　Forest is a place where people can get close to nature.森林是可以接近自然的地方。
　　②先行名词+when/in（on/at） which
　　eg: I'll never forget the day when we first met in the park.我将永远不会忘记我们在公园第一次相遇的那一天。
　　③先行名词+why/for which
　　eg: Do you know the reason why he didn't come to the meeting yesterday morning？你知道他为什么没有参加昨天早上会议的原因吗？
　　What is active reading? What is a critical reader?
　　Exercises I
　　1.Reading non-fiction writing critically involves ___.
　　A.supporting the author's opinion
　　B.developing your own opinions
　　C.understanding what is written
　　D.reading without any imagination
【正确答案】B
【答案解析】此题为句意理解题。由文中第一段Critical reading involves questioning and evalating what the author is saying,and forming your own opinions about what the author is saying 可知，非文学类作品的批评性阅读是要提出自己的观点和摆明自己的态度，选项B,即提出自己的观点，最为恰当。答案为B。
　　2.Before accepting what is written in an article, you should be sure that______.
　　A.enough support for the assertions has been given
　　B.your values and attitudes have been, reflected in it
　　C.it has been checked from an authoritative source
　　D.you have found the differences in the writing styles
【正确答案】A
【答案解析】此题为句意理解题。由文中第三段第三句，Before accepting what is written, be certain that the author provides sufficient support for any assertions made 可知，选项A符合文中意思，即你在接受作者的观点之前，要确信有足够的论据支持作者的论点。答案为A。
　　3.If there are some inconsistent points in the article, you should________.
　　A.insist on your own opinion and confirm it
　　B.avoid mentioning the inconsistencies
　　C.emphasize the work of authorities
　　D.examine the author's supportive statements
【正确答案】D
【答案解析】此题为句意理解题。由文中第四段末句，If there are inconsistencies, carefully evaluate the support the author provides for the inconsistencies 可知，最符合原文，即如果文章中有不一致的观点时，你要仔细阅读并检查作者所提出的支持其论点的论证。答案为D。
　　4.Einstein is a relevant source when the article is about_________
　　A.physical breakthroughs
　　B.the subject of poetry
　　C.studies in current physics
　　D.credible writing Sources
【正确答案】A
【答案解析】此题为细节题。由文中第六段第三句,Einstein is a credible source if the author is writing about landmark achievements in physics 可知，如果文章讲的是关于物理学的突破时，爱因斯坦就是相关的例子。答案为A。
　　5.The author believes that by being a critical reader you can________ .
　　A.remember what is written clearly
　　B.eliminate your own discrimination
　　C.have much more knowledge
　　D.spend more time in reading
【正确答案】C
【答案解析】此题为文章大意总结题。由课文最后一段结束句，By being a critical reader, you will become better informed and may change your views as appropriate 可知，课文结束说通过做一名有判断力的读者，你会变得见多识广，也能使你的观点更恰当，所以选项C最符合课文的意思。答案为C。
　　Exercise II
　　Section A
　　名词后缀
　　-ability, -ibility　 credible-credibility
　　-ence,ency　　　　　 independent-independence
　　　　　　　　　　　　 efficient-efficiency
　　-ment　　　　　　　　move-movement, agree-agreement
　　-ion, -sion, -tion act-action, elect-election
　　副词后缀
　　-ly careful-carefully, possible-possibly
　　前缀
　　否定前缀
　　in- inaccurate, incapable, injustice
　　在m, p, b前变成im- immoral, impossible, imbalance
　　1.These results are _____ with the findings of the previous study.（consistent, consistency）
【正确答案】consistent
【答案解析】be consistent with… 固定短语，意为与……相符。其中be动词are后面应该是表语形容词consistent，而consistency 是名词形式。答案为consistent。
　　2.We were not surprised by their_____ that the train services would be reduced.（state, statement）
【正确答案】statement
【答案解析】statement，名词，说明、表态，而state 表示"陈述"时是动词，做名词解时是"国度"的意思。答案为statement。
　　3.The statistics ______a change in people's spending habits.（reflect, reflection）
【正确答案】reflect
【答案解析】译文：此统计数据反映了人们消费习惯方面的变化。这里句子缺少的是谓语动词，而reflection是名词。reflect，动词，显示、表明。答案为reflect。
　　4.I'm afraid your driving license is______ in Eastern Europe.（valid, invalid）
【正确答案】invalid
【答案解析】译文：我担心你的驾驶执照在东欧无效。invalid 是valid 的反义词，意为"无效的"。答案为invalid。
　　5.Twenty-five dollars was______ more than he had expected to pay （considerable, considerably）
【正确答案】considerably
【答案解析】译文：二十五美元比他原来估计的多多了。considerably，副词，很，非常，相当多地。答案为considerably。
　　6.Direct _______ between the two languages is not possible.（compare, comparison）
【正确答案】comparison
【答案解析】译文：直接对比两种语言是不可能的。这里空格处的单词是主语中心词，主语中心词不能是动词。comparison, 名词，表示"比较，对比"；compare 是其动词形式。答案为comparison。
　　Section B
assumption landmark
critical evaluate
represent identify
credible appropriate
　　1.In my opinion, there was no _____evidence against him.
【正确答案】credible
【答案解析】句意：我的意见是，没有反对他的可信的证据。这里against sb.指的是反对某人。形容词credible 意为可信的。答案为credible。
　　2.Even the smallest baby can _____its mother by her voice.
【正确答案】identify
【答案解析】句意：甚至最小的小婴儿都可以通过声音来识别辫认出他的母亲。本空缺少谓语动词，identify 意为辨认，辨识，符合题意。答案为identify。
　　3.People tend to make _____ about you based on your appearance.
【正确答案】assumption
【答案解析】句意：人们容易根据你的外表做出一些假设。本空缺少宾语，应选用名词。assumption为名词，意为假设、假定，符合题意。答案为assumption。
　　4.This new represents_____ the current situation in our schools.
【正确答案】represents
【答案解析】句意：这篇新闻报道描述了我们学校目前的状况。其中represent，动词，描述、表现，此处要注意时态。答案为represents。
　　5.The performance of each employee is ____ once a year.
【正确答案】evaluated
【答案解析】句意：每年，每一位员工的表现每年都会被评估一次。注意此句子中的被动语态，员工绩效被评估，所以动词evaluate 应为被动式evaluated。答案为evaluated。
　　6.We need to ensure that the teaching they receive is _____to their needs.
【正确答案】appropriate
【答案解析】句意：我们需要确保他们所接受的教育适合他们的需求。appropriate 是形容词，指的是"合适的"。答案为appropriate。
　　Section C
　　1.That bit of the form is for UK citizens 一 it doesn't apply ____ you.
【正确答案】to
【答案解析】译文：表格的那一部分是针对英国公民的，和你没关系。apply to，固定搭配，应用，使用。答案为to。
　　2.Arguments were put ____ for changing some of the rules of the game.
【正确答案】forth
【答案解析】译文：争议之所以产生，是因为要修改该项运动的一些规则。put forth，固定搭配，提出，产生。答案为forth。
　　3.When judging his performance, don't take his age ____ account.
【正确答案】into
【答案解析】take...into account ，固定搭配，考虑到，顾及。答案为into。
　　4.He's universally recognized as an authority ____ Russian affairs.
【正确答案】on
【答案解析】译文：在俄罗斯事务方面，他被公认为是一个专家。答案为on。
　　5.Just compare the one that has been cleaned ____ the others.
【正确答案】with
【答案解析】compare...with… 为固定搭配，把……和……做对比，比较。compare t。把……比作。答案为with。
　　6.Education should be relevant ____ the child's needs.
【正确答案】to
【答案解析】be relevant to，固定搭配，有关的，相关的。答案为to。