笔记讲义
课程名字：自考00087《英语翻译》基础精讲课程讲义【笔记】
依据教材版本：
教材名称：英汉翻译教程
教材主编：孟庆升 张希春
出 版 社：外语教学与研究出版社
版  次：2014年版
课程目录：
第一单元 2
第一课：英语时政要闻汉译 2
第二课：汉语时政要闻英译 4
第二单元 6
第三课：英语时事评论汉译 6
第四课：汉语时事评论英译 8
第三单元 10
第五课：英语经贸资料汉译 10
第六课：汉语经贸资料英译 12
第四单元 14
第七课：英语科技资料汉译 14
第八课：汉语科技资料英译 16
第五单元 18
第九课：英语自然探秘资料汉译 18
第十课：汉语自然探秘资料英译 20
第六单元 22
第11课：英语文化习俗资料汉译 22
第12课：汉语文化习俗资料英译 24
第七单元 26
第13课：英语医疗保健资料汉译 26
第14课：汉语医疗保健资料英译 28
第八单元 30
第16课：汉语教育资料英译 32
第九单元 34
第17课：英语体育运动资料汉译 34
第18课：汉语体育运动资料英译 37
第十单元 39
第19课：英语旅游资料汉译 39
第20课：汉语旅游资料英译 41
第十一单元 43
第21课：英语名人演讲汉译 43
第22课：汉语名人演讲英译 45
第十二单元 47
第23课：英语汉译散文 47
第24课：汉语散文英译 49
第十三单元 51
第25课：英语小说汉译 51
第26课：汉语小说英译 53
第十四单元 55
第27课：英语剧本汉译 55
第28课：汉语剧本英译 58
第十五单元 61
第29课：英语法律文献汉译 61
第30课：汉语法律文献英译 63
第一单元
第一课：英语时政要闻汉译
　　Obama, Hu Vow to Continue to Strength Partnership （Except）
　　[1] President Obama and his Chinese counterpart, Hu Jintao, emerged from two hours of talks Tuesday morning pledging to continue efforts to strengthen the growing partnership between the two countries, and to work together to address global challenges such as climate change, nuclear proliferation and sustaining the world's nascent economic recovery.
美中两国元首誓言继续巩固伙伴关系（节选）
　　[1]周二（11月17日）上午，在结束了两个小时的会谈之后，美国总统奥巴马和中国国家主席胡锦涛出现在公众面前。他们承诺继续努力巩固两国不断增强的伙伴关系，共同努力应对诸如气候变化、核扩散以及维持刚刚显现的世界经济复苏等全球性挑战。
　　[2] Hu, speaking first, called the talks "candid, constructive and very fruitful," and said the two leaders agreed "to stay in close touch, through visits, telephone conversations, correspondence, and meetings at international forums."
　　[2]胡首先讲话，他称会谈是"坦诚、建设性和富有成就的"，并说两国领导人同意"通过互访、通电话、通信和在国际场合会晤等方式来保持密切沟通"。
　　[3] He also said that as the world economy "has shown some positive signs of stabilizing and recovering," it is important for both countries to "oppose and reject protectionism in all its forms."
　　[3]他还说，随着世界经济"已显示出一些企稳回升的积极迹象"，"反对和拒绝任何形式的贸易保护主义"对两国都是重要的。
　　[4] Obama also called climate change and nuclear proliferation "challenges that neither of our nations can solve by acting alone." He said the two will continue to "build a positive, cooperative and comprehensive relationship."
　　[4]奥巴马也把气候变化和核扩散称为"我们两国都无法单方面应对的挑战"。他说两国将继续"构建积极合作的全面伙伴关系"。
　　[5] Confronting the sensitive issue of human rights, Obama said American values of freedom of speech and assembly are "universal rights, and they should be made available to all the people." He said the two sides agreed to "continue to move this discussion forward," specifically in an upcoming human rights dialogue next year.
　　[5]针对人权这一敏感话题，奥巴马表示，美国关于言论和集会自由的价值观是"人人都应享有的普世权利"。他说双方同意"继续推进这一讨论"，确切地说是在明年即将举行的人权对话上。
　　[6] Obama said the two sides agreed to seek a "more balanced economic growth" in the future, in which the United States "saves more, spends less and reduces long-term debt." In exchange, he said, China agreed to increase its domestic demand, meaning relying less on its cheap currency to drive exports. The United States is now China's most important export market, while China is the largest holder of U.S. debt.
　　[6]奥巴马说，双方同意在未来寻求"更加平衡的经济增长"，此间美国将会"多储蓄，少消费，减少长期债务"。作为交换，中国同意扩大内需，即减少对廉价货币驱动出口的依赖。美国现在是中国最重要的出口市场，而中国是美国最大的债权国。
　　[7] "This will lead to increased U.S. exports and jobs on the one hand, and higher living standards in China on the other," Obama said.
　　[7]奥巴马说："这将使得美国的出口和就业上升，同时提高中国的生活水平。"
　　[8] On climate change, Obama said the two leaders agreed on "a series of important new initiatives," including the establishment of a joint clean energy research center. Obama said that "there can be no solution to that challenge without the efforts of both China and the United States."
　　[8]在气候变化问题上，奥巴马称两国领导人在"一系列重要的新倡议"上达成了一致，包括成立联合清洁能源研究中心。他说："只有中美两国共同努力，才能应对这一挑战。"
　　[9] The two leaders took no questions, as had been planned, after their statements.
　　[10] "I'm very happy to have talks with you," Hu told Obama at the start of the meeting, "You have worked actively to promote this relationship."
　　[9]两国领导人在发表声明后，按原计划没有接受记者提问。
　　[10]会谈开始时，胡对奥巴马说："我很高兴和你举行会谈，你为推动中美关系做出了积极的努力。
　　[11] Obama replied, "We believe strong dialogue is important not only for the U.S. and China, but for the rest of the world."
　　[11]奥巴马回答说："我们相信，加强对话不仅对美中，而且对世界其他国家来说都是重要的。"
　　[12] The two already met once over dinner Monday night, shortly after Obama arrived in the frigid Chinese capital from Shanghai. National security adviser James L. Jones described that meeting as an "informal dinner discussion" in which the two leaders discussed "the evolution and histories of China and the United States."
　　[12]周一晚上，奥巴马由上海抵达寒冷的中国首都不久，两位领导人就已经在晚宴上见了一面。美国国家安全事务助理詹姆斯·L·琼斯把那次会面称为"非正式的晚宴讨论"，两位领导人"谈到了中美的发展和历史"。
　　[13] Jones said the two also spoke at length about education, but he did not elaborate".
　　[14] Reflecting the broad range of issues that have come to characterize relations between two countries, some of the sensitive topics that have dominated U.S.-Chinese talks in the past now seem further down the agenda.（from The Washington Post, Nov. 17, 2009）
　　[13]琼斯说，两位领导人还就教育问题进行了详尽的谈话，但他没有对此详述。
　　[14]反映在体现两国关系的广泛议题上，一些过去主导美中会谈的敏感话题现在似乎在议程上进一步后置了。（选自《英语文摘》，2010年第1期，高建正译）
第二课：汉语时政要闻英译
温总理与网友在线交流（节选）
　　[1]全国两会召开前夕，国务院总理温家宝27日上午来到中国政府网和新华网，与网友在线交流。温家宝强调，"十二五"期间，我们要使社会更加发展进步，使国计民生的一系列重大问题进一步得到改善，让人民生活得舒心、安心、放心，对未来有信心。
　　Premier Wen Chats Online with Intern Users（Except）
　　[1] Right before the "Two Conferences" （NPC and CPPCC）, Chinese Premier Wen Jiabao had an online chat with netizens via the websites of the central government （www.gov.cn） and Xinhua News Agency （www.news.cn） on the morning of Feb. 27. He stressed that during the period of the 12th Five-Year Plan, greater efforts will be made to boost social development and progress, to make further improvement in key sectors concerning national development and people's livelihood, and to ensure that the people live a comfortable life with security and confidence.
　　[2]这是温家宝总理连续第三年与网友进行在线交流。中国政府网、新华网全程进行图文、视频直播。
　　[2] It was the third year in succession that the Premier chatted online with netizens. The websites of the central government and Xinhua News Agency broadcast it live with pictures, texts and video.
　　[3]27日上午8时50分许，温家宝来到中国政府网和新华网访谈室，微笑着和主持人握手致意，随后在电脑前坐下，了解网友提问的情况。9时整，访谈正式开始。温家宝首先向广大网友问好。他说，如果说第一次和网友在线交流感到有点紧张，第二次感到十分珍惜，那么这次感到责任重大。我的任期还有两年，我要恪尽职守，和人民一道克服困难，使国家更加繁荣昌盛。
　　[3] At about 8:50 am, Feb. 27, Premier Wen came with a smile to the interview room. After shaking hands with the host, he sat by a computer to acquaint himself with the questions raised by the netizens. At 9 o'clock sharp, the chat started. Wen said hello first to the netizens, and then continued, "When I chatted online with you for the first time, I felt a little nervous. When I did it the second time, I felt it was worth cherishing.
　　And this time, I feel a strong sense of responsibility. I only have two years left for my tenure of office, so I'll perform my duty honestly in order to overcome difficulties together with the people and make our country more prosperous."
　　[4]今年是"十二五"开局之年。一位网友问道，未来五年提升百姓幸福感，政府有哪些考虑？温家宝说，我们发展经济的目的就是满足人们日益增长的物质文化需求，就是让老百姓生活越来越好。"十二五"规划中，我们特别强调民生，把它作为 规划的出发点和落脚点。
　　[4]As this year is the beginning of the 12th Five-Year Plan, a netizen asked, "What does the government plan to do to bring greater happiness to the common people in the next five years?" Wen replied, "The purpose of our economic development is to meet the growing material and cultural needs of the people, and to make their life better and better. In the 12th Five-Year Plan, we place high emphasis on people's livelihood, making it the starting point as well as the final aim of the plan."
　　[5]网友提出的问题大多聚焦在民生热点问题上，温家宝一一坦诚作答。
　　[5] Most of the questions raised by netizens focused on hot issues of livelihood, and Wen answered them frankly one by one.
　　[6]在回答网友关于稳定物价问题时，温家宝说，物价影响国家发展，关系群众生活。党和政府把稳定物价作为经济生活的一件大事。当前，一要控制货币流动性；二要努力发展生产特别是农业生产；三要搞好流通；四要管好市场，打击囤积居奇、哄抬物价。只要我们坚定不移地落实这些措施，就一定能够管理好通胀预期。
　　[6] While answering questions on stabilizing prices, Wen said, "Prices affect not only our national development, but also people's life. The Party and the government take price stabilization as something important in our economic life. At present, we'll firstly keep the monetary flow reined in; secondly, we'll endeavor to boost production, especially agricultural production; thirdly, we'll improve the circulation of materials; and fourthly, we'll strengthen our management of the market and fight against such conduct as cornering the market an jacking up prices. So long as we carry out these measures unswervingly, we'll certainly keep control of inflation expectations."
　　[7]有网友提出房价问题，温家宝说，从去年到今年，我们先后三次出台调控措施，房价过快上涨势头有所遏制。要使房价保持在合理水平上，一是必须增加有效供给。今年计划建设保障性住房和棚户区改造住房1000万套。今后五年计划新建保障性住房3600万套。二是下决心抑制投资和投机性住房需求。三是主要用法律和经济手段防止捂盘惜售、圈地不用。
　　[7] Concerning the problem of housing prices, Wen said, "Since last year, we've taken three successive readjustment measures and the tendency of excessive price growth has been contained to some extent. To keep housing prices at a reasonable level, firstly we must increase effective housing supply. We're planning to build 10 million sets of economy houses and refurnished shantytown houses this year, and 36 million economy houses in the coming five years. Secondly, we'll make up our mind to curb speculative housing demands. Thirdly, we'll take legal and economic measures to prevent such things as property hoarding or keeping purchased land unused."
　　[8]在回答网友提出的医疗改革问题时，温家宝说，目前，城市职工、城市居民和农村医疗保险参保人数超过12亿人。今年政府将继续加大投入，使城乡参保标准都达到200元。决不让有人因为贫穷而疾病得不到治疗。这是我们努力的方向。（选自"新华网"，2011年2月27曰）
　　[8] In response to the issue of health care reform, Wen said, "Up till now, more than 1.2 billion people, including urban workers and staff as well as urban and rural residents, have been covered for medical care. And this year, the government will continue to increase insurance subsidies so that the premium would reach 200 yuan （$30.4） per person for both urban and rural areas. We'll never turn a patient away because he/she is poor. That is the direction of our efforts." （translated by Zhang Xingquan, improved by Meng Qingsheng）
第二单元
第三课：英语时事评论汉译
　　Avoiding a US-China Cold War （Except）
　　[1] The upcoming summit between the America and Chinese presidents is to take place while progress is being made in resoling many of the issues before them, and a positive communique is probable. Yet both leaders also face an opinion among elites in their countries emphasizing conflict rather than cooperation.
避免美中冷战（节选）
　　[1]美国总统和中国国家主席即将举行首脑会谈，两国在解决相互间的许多问题上正取得进展，发表一项积极的公报是有可能的。然而两位领导人也面临各自国内精英阶层强调冲突而非合作的舆论。
　　[2] Most Chinese I encounter outside of government, and some in government, seem convinced that the United States seeks to contain China and to constrict its rise. American strategic thinkers are calling attention to China's increasing global economic reach and the growing capability of its military forces.
　　[2]我遇到的大多数非政府人士的中国人，以及某些中国政府内部人士，似乎认定美国谋求遏制中国并约束中国的崛起。美国的战略思想家们则呼吁关注中国日益增强的全球经济影响力及其日益强大的军事力量。
　　[3] Care must be taken lest both sides analyze themselves into self-fulfilling prophecies. The nature of globalization and the reach of modern technology oblige the United States and China to interact around the world. A Cold War between them would bring about an international choosing of sides, spreading disputes into internal politics of every region at a time when issues such as nuclear proliferation, the environment, energy and climate require a comprehensive global solution.
　　[3]双方必须慎重，以免不知不觉地让预言成为现实。全球化的特性和现代技术的影响范围迫使美国和中国在全世界产生互动。他们之间的冷战将使国际社会选择支持某一方，使各地区的内部政治在核扩散、环境、能源和气候问题需要一个全面的国际解决方案之际陷入争论。
　　[4] Conflict is not inherent in a nation's rise. The United States in the 20th century is an example of a state achieving eminence without conflict with the then-dominant countries. Nor was the often-cited German-British conflict inevitable. Thoughtless and provocative policies played a role in transforming European diplomacy into a zero-sum game.
　　[4]国家的崛起并非必然伴随着冲突。20世纪的美国就是一个例证，它在脱颖而出的过程中并没有与当时占据主导地位的国家发生冲突。经常被人提起的德英冲突当初也并非不可避免。轻率而又带挑衅性的政策对于欧洲那场由外交战演变而成的得失相抵的较量负有一定责任。
　　[5]Sino-US relations need not take such a turn. On most contemporary issues, the two countries cooperate adequately; what the two countries lack is an overarching concept for their interaction. During the Cold War, a common adversary supplied the bond. Common concepts have not yet emerged from the multiplicity of new tasks facing a globalized world undergoing political, economic and technological upheaval.
　　[5]中美关系不必如此。在大多数当代问题上，两国能够充分合作；它们缺少的是一个总体上的互动理念。冷战时期，有一个共同的对手发挥了纽带作用。而我们这个全球化的世界正在经历着政治、经济和技术的剧变，对于它所面临的形形色色的新任务，尚未显现出共识。
　　[6] That is not a simple matter. For it implies subordinating national aspirations to a vision of a global order.
　　[6]这可不是一件简单的事情，因为它意味着使国家志向从属于一种全球秩序的构想。
　　[7] Neither the United States nor China has experience in such a task. Each assumes its national values to be both unique and of a kind to which other peoples naturally aspire. Reconciling the two versions of exceptionalism is the deepest challenge of the Sino-American relationship.
　　[7]面对这样一个任务，美国和中国都没有经验。它们都认为自己国家的价值观独一无二，是其他民族理所当然所向往的。调和这两种例外论是中美关系的最深刻挑战。
　　[8]America's exceptionalism finds it natural to condition its conduct toward other societies on their acceptance of American values. Most Chinese see their country's rise not as a challenge to America but as heralding a return to the normal state of affairs when China was preeminent. In the Chinese view, it is the past 200 years of relative weakness - not China's current resurgence - that represent an abnormality. （from The Washington Post, Jan. 14, 2011）
　　[8]美国的例外论认为，它对待其他社会的方式理所当然取决于它们是否接受美国的价值观。大多数中国人则认为，他们国家的崛起不是对美国的挑战，而是预示着回归中国出类拔萃的正常状态。在中国人看来，不正常的是中国在过去200年里的相对弱势，而不是它当前的重振雄风。（选自《英语文摘》，2011年第3期，何金娥译）
第四课：汉语时事评论英译
　　警惕逐渐拉开的贫富差距
　　[1]改革开放以来，中国社会经济迅速发展，取得了举世公认的成就。但一个明显的事实是，同经济发展相比，社会发展明显滞后。这突出表现为贫富差距的拉开幅度过大。根据联合国开发计划署的统计数字，中国目前的基尼系数为0.45，占总人口20%的最贫困人口占收入或消费的份额只有4.7% ，而占总人口 20%的最富裕人口占收入或消费的份额高达50% 。据此看来，中国社会的贫富差距已经突破了合理的限度。
　　Guard Against a Growing Gap Between Affluence and Poverty
　　[1] Ever since the reform and opening-up, China has made great achievements in its social and economic development, which have won worldwide recognition. Yet, it is obvious that its social development is lagging behind that of its economy. This is manifested in the excessive gap between the rich and the poor. Statistics made by the United Nations Development Programme shows that China's current Gini coefficient is 0.45, with the income or consumption of the poorest, who make up 20% of the total population, accounting for merely 4.7% of the total, while that of the wealthiest, who make up the same percentage, accounting for as much as 50%. Thus the rich-poor disparity has overstepped a reasonable limit.
　　[2]在短短二十多年的时间里，中国已经从一个平均主义盛行的国家，转变为贫富差距扩大现象严重、收入差距超过国际上中等不平等程度的国家。究其原因，大致有这样几个：
　　[2] Just in a short period of over two decades, China has changed from a country of prevalent egalitarianism into one with a seriously widened gap between affluence and poverty, its income difference surpassing that of countries with a medium level of inequality. This may be attributed mainly to the following reasons.
　　[3]其一，对于高收入群体缺乏合理的、必要的"限高"。本来国家通过健全的税收制度，可以缓解贫富差距问题，但是目前中国的税收制度并不健全。根据学者的研究，近年来全国平均每年流失的各类税收为5700亿～6800亿元，占国民生产总值的7.6%～9.1%。其中，平均每年少征收的关税为1500亿～2000亿元，少征收的增值税为1500亿～2000亿元，少征收的营业税为1000亿元左右，少征收的资源税（如土地、能源、资源等紧缺资源税收）在1000亿元左右。另外，中国的地下经济十分严重，地下经济偷漏税流失额在700亿～800亿元之间。国家税收的严重流失，一方面使一部分人的财富迅速加大，另一方面又使国家缺乏必要的再分配能力，难以有效地援助弱势群体，最终加大了贫富的差距。
　　[3]Firstly, there is not a reasonable and necessary "upper limit" for the high-income group. The rich-poor disparity could have been reduced by means of a sound tax system, but, unfortunately, China's tax system at present is far from perfect. Research indicates that the annual drain of all kinds of taxes in recent years averages 570-680 billion yuan, taking 7.6-9.1% of the GNP. Among them, the losses of customs duty and value added tax are respectively 150-200 billion yuan, and that of business tax and resource （such as land, energy and natural resources that are in short supply） tax are respectively 100 billion yuan or more. In addition, as there exists a serious problem of illegal underground economy in China, tax evasion in this respect amounted to 70-80 billion yuan annually. Such heavy losses of revenue have resulted in the rapid wealth accumulation of some people on the one hand, and the inability of the state to implement a redistribution of wealth on the other. This has made it difficult to effectively aid the disadvantaged group and, in turn, has led to a widened wealth gap.
　　[4]其二，对于基础阶层来说缺乏必要的"兜底"。同国民经济发展幅度相比，中国的社会保障事业以及社会转移支付表现出一种明显滞后的情形。在这种情况下，农民、城镇的退休人员、城镇的失业人员及其亲属最有可能成为贫困者，从而使整个社会的贫富差距迅速拉大。
　　[4] Secondly, we are in need of a necessary "guaranteed income system" for people at the bottom level. China's social security undertakings and its social transfer payments are obviously lagging behind the development of its national economy. Under such circumstances, the farmers, the retired and unemployed townspeople as well as their relatives are most likely to become impoverished, so that the wealth gap of the whole society are rapidly growing wider.
　　[5]其三，经济领域当中存在着许多不平等的竞争。不平等竞争表现在很多方面，最突出的是一些部门、行业甚至是一些个别的社会成员，能够通过垄断经营获得垄断利润或高额利润，而其他的社会群体和社会成员却不能，因此最终形成了非常不合理的收入差距。比如，一些借助国家特许经营的垄断行业就获得了 "暴利"。在全国各行业收入的统计中，垄断性行业人员的收入稳居前几位，如航空运输业、管理运输业、邮电通讯业、电力部门等等。甚至连一些社会公共事业部门，如某些公共教育机构、某些公共医疗机构，也存在利用行业垄断的地位而索取高额利润的情况。（选自新华社《瞭望》新闻周刊，2005年8月11日）
　　[5] Thirdly, there exists a lot of unfair competition in the economy. The most conspicuous is that some government departments, trades or, even, a few individuals can make monopoly or huge profits by means of monopolized operation, while other groups and individuals cannot. In this way, a very unreasonable income difference is formed. For example, some franchise industries have reaped colossal profits. In statistics for all trades and professions, the incomes of employees in various monopoly trades always appear amongst the top few, such as those from the trades of air transport, transportation management, post and telecommunications, and power, etc. Even some public institutions, such as schools or hospitals, have made huge profits with the help of their monopolist positions: （translated by Meng Qingsheng）