| economicordersspeculativeprotection riskinsurablelossrenewed transferfinancialchargedpolicy |
Perhapsthemostcommonmethodofdealingwithriskistoshift,or1)（）,therisktoaninsurancecompany.Aninsurer(orinsurancecompany)isafirmthatagrees,forafee,toassume2)（）responsibilityforlossesthatmayresultfromaspecificrisk.
Thefee3)（）byaninsurancecompanyiscalledapremium.Acontractbetweenaninsurerandthepersonorfirmwhoseriskisassumedisknownasaninsurance4)（）.Generally,aninsurancepolicyiswrittenforaperiodofoneyear.Then,ifbothpartiesarewilling,itis5)（）eachyear.Itspecifiesexactlywhichrisksarecoveredbytheagreement,thedollaramountstheinsurerwillpayincaseofa6)（）,andtheamountofthepremium.
Insuranceisthusthe7)（）againstlossthatthepurchaseofaninsurancepolicyaffords.Insurancecompanieswillnot,however,assumeeverykindofrisk.Ariskthatinsurancecompanieswillassumeiscalledan8)（）risk.Ariskthatinsurancecompanieswillnotassumeiscalledanuninsurablerisk.
Ingeneral,purerisksareinsurable,whereas9)（）risksareuninsurabl
E.AninsurancecompanywillprotectaFordMotorCompanyassemblyplantagainstlossesduetofireorhurricanes.Itwillnot,however,protectFordagainstlossesresultingfromalackofsales10)（）forautomobiles.
Ⅴ.TranslatethefollowingintoChinese(15%):
Howcanmore“MadeintheU.S.A.”goodsgetintostoreshelvesinChina?Undercurrenttraderestrictions,importsfromtheUnitedStateshavebarelyflowedintothatnation.However,importswillfloodin,ifChina,thelargestemergingmarketinAsia,joinstheWorldTradeOrganization.AlthoughU.S.exportstoChinahaveincreasedoverthepastdecade,theyearlytotalisstillonlyabout$12billion,atinypieceofallU.S.exports.Meanwhile,theUnitedStateshasbeenaverygoodmarketforChina'sgoods:U.S.importsabout$50billionworthofgoodsfromChinaeveryyear,upfromroughly$10billionworthofyearlyimportsjustadecadeago.
IfChinajoinstheWTO,thelevelofU.S.exportstoChinawillskyrocketbecausehightariffsandvariousothertraderestrictionswillberemove
D.TodaytariffsonimportsintoChinarangeashighas120percent.AspartofitsbidforWTOmembership,Chinahasagreedtocuttheaveragetariffrateto15percentbytheyear2000.Inaddition,WTOmembershipwouldputtradewithChinaunderamorestandardizedlegalframework,givingexportersandimportersalikemoreconsistenttreatment.
AnotherbenefitofChina'sproposedWTOmembershipisthatU.S.companieswouldwithinafewyearsbeallowedtodealdirectlywithChinesecompaniesinsteadofgoingthroughatradingcompany.Justasimportant,U.S.manufacturerswouldfinallybeabletomarketdirectlytoChineseconsumers.Suchanimport-friendlyenvironmentwouldbeboundtoopennewtradeopportunitiesforU.S.businesses—whichiswhymanyU.S.officialsfavorWTOmembershipforChina.
Ⅵ.TranslatethefollowingintoEnglish(25%):
1.作为取代关贸总协定的新的、改善了的机构，世界贸易组织是一个永久性的国际组织，所有关贸总协定的成员国均自动转为世界贸易组织的成员。
2.许多国际交易是通过汇票支付的。汇票是对银行或顾客发出的支付命令，包括即期汇票和远期汇票。
3.买方发出的询盘是为了获得拟订购商品的有关信息，它对发出询盘的人无约束力。
4.即使是在这种情况下，大多数公司宁可支付数量明确的保险费来转移风险，也不愿有遭受风险的不确定性。
5.尽管跨国公司的日常管理工作下放到其子公司，但重要决策，如公司目标和新投资项目都由母公司来决定。
Ⅶ.AnswerthefollowingquestionsinEnglish(15%):
1.WhyandhowareIncotermsused?Givetwocommonlyusedtermstoillustrat
E.
2.HowisD/AdifferentfromD/Paftersight?Whichissaferfortheexporter?
全国2002年4月高等教育自学考试
经贸知识英语试题参考答案
课程代码：00095
Ⅰ.术语英汉互译(每小题1分，共10分)
a.复税/混合关税
B.跟单托收
C.售货确认书
D.优先股
E.人均国内生产总值
a.protectionism
B.insolvent
C.makedelivery
D.CIF
E.share-holder/shareholders
Ⅱ.选择(每小题1分，共5分)
(1)c(2)e(3)d(4)g(5)f
Ⅲ.术语定义(每小题4分，共20分)
(1)Internationaltradereferstotheexchangeofgoodsandservicesproducedinonecountrywiththoseproducedinanother.(Inthecomplexeconomicworld,nocountrycanbecompletelyself-sufficient.)
(2)Transferablecredit:aletterofcreditthatcanbetransferredbytheoriginalbeneficiarytooneormorepartiesinmakingpayment.
(3)Insuranceisasocialdeviceinwhichagroupofindividualstransferrisk,anditprovidesforpaymentoflossesfromfundscontributedbyallmemberswhotransferredrisk.
(4)MNCisabusinessorganizationwhichowns(whetherwhollyorpartly),controlsandmanagesassets,oftenincludingproductiveresources,inmorethanonecountry,throughitsmembercompaniesincorporatedseparatelyineachofthesecountries.
(5)Thecommercialinvoiceisabusinessdocumentwhichgivesageneraldescriptionofthequalityandquantityofthegoodsandtheunitandtotalpric
E.
Ⅳ.选择填空(每小题1分，共10分)
(1)transfer(2)financial(3)charged(4)policy(5)renewed
(6)loss(7)protection(8)insurable(9)speculative(10)orders
Ⅴ.翻译(15分)
如何使更多的美国货出现在中国的商店里?按照现行的贸易限制，进入中国的美国商品数量不多。但是，如果中国，亚洲最大的新兴市场，加入世界贸易组织，进口商品将大量涌入。尽管在过去的十年中美国对中国的出口有所增加，但每年的总出口仍只有120亿美元左右，占美国总出口的很小比例。同时，美国是中国商品的一个很好的市场，美国每年从中国进口商品的价值从十年前的100亿美元左右增至大约500亿美元。
如果中国加入世贸，美国对中国出口的数量将大大增加，因为高关税与其它各种贸易限制将被取消。目前中国的进口关税最高可达120%。为了加入世贸，中国已同意到2000年以前把平均关税税率降至15%。加入世贸将会把中国的对外贸易置于更为规范的法律框架之中，从而会对进出口商一视同仁。
中国加入世贸带来的另一个好处在于美国公司将可以不必通过贸易公司直接接触中国的公司。同样重要的是，美国的制造商们最终还能够直接向中国消费者销售其产品。这样一个利于进口的环境必将为美国企业展现新的贸易机会，所以许多美国官员都赞成中国加入世界贸易组织。
Ⅵ.汉译英(每小题5分，共25分)
(1)Beinganew,improvedreplacementofGATT,WTOisapermanentinternationalorganization,towhichallthemembersofGATThaveautomaticallybecomemembers.
(2)Thepaymentofmanyinternationaltransactionsismadebydraft.Adraftisanordertoabankoracustomer,whichincludessightdraftandusancedraft.
(3)Theenquirymadebythebuyeristogetinformationaboutthegoodstobeordere
D.Itismadewithoutengagementtotheenquirer.
(4)Eveninthosecircumstances,mostfirmsprefertopayaknownpremiumforthetransferofrisk,ratherthanfacetheuncertaintyofcarryingtheriskofloss.
(5)Althoughtheday-to-dayadministrationofMNCsmaybedelegated(decentralized)totheiraffiliates,majordecisionssuchascorporategoalsandnewinvestmentprojectsaremadebytheparentcompany.
Ⅶ.问答(15分)
(1)ThepurposeofIncotermsisto1)provideasetofinternationalrules2)fortheinterpretationofthemostcommonlyusedtradeterms3)inforeigntrad
E.Thus,4)theuncertaintiesofdifferentinterpretationsofsuchtermsindifferentcountries5)canbeavoidedor6)atleastreducedtoaconsiderabledegre
E.Examples:7)FOB,shortforFreeOnBoar
D.Itmeansthattheexportermakesdeliveryofthegoodsonboardtheshipwithouttheresponsibilityfortheinsurancecoverandtransportation.8)CIF,shortforCost,InsuranceandFreight.Itmeansthattheexporterisresponsibleforthearrangementofinsurancecoverandtransportationbeforedeliveringthegoods.
(2)9)Inthecaseofdocumentsagainstacceptance(D/A),10)documentsarehandedovertotheimporter11)uponhisacceptanceofthebillofexchangedrawnbytheexporter.12)Paymentwillnotbemadeuntilalaterdat
E.13)D/Paftersightgivestheimporteracertainperiodafterpresentationofthedocuments,14)butdocumentsarenotreleasedtohimuntilheactuallypaysforthemerchandis
E.15)D/PaftersightissaferthanD/A.
