| agentmakespaymentdocumentsbuyerseller banktransactionprotectionmoneyreceivingissue |
Themostimportantandfrequentlyusedmethodof(21)（）ininternationaltradetodayistheLetterofCredit.Itisidealforindividualtransactionsorforaseries,(22)（）tradewithunknownbuyerseasy,gives(23)（）tobothsellerandbuyerandovercomesthe“creditgap”
(i.
E.,thetime-paymentlossbetweenorderanddelivery).
ALetterofCreditstartswiththe(24)（）.Heinstructshisbankto(25)（）theL/Cfortheamountofthepurchaseandinfavoroftheseller.Thisisusuallydonebyspecialprintedform.Theinstruction,orform,containsfulldetailsofthe(26)（）asagreedbetweenbuyerandseller.Thebuyer’s(27)（）sendstheseinstructionstoitsagent(abankco-operatingwithit)intheseller’scountry.On(28)（）theseinstructions,theagentbankconfirmsthecredittotheseller,i.
E.,writestoadvisethesellerthatthe(29)（）isavailabletohimatthisbank.Thesellercannowexecutethebuyer’sorder,knowingthatwhenhehasdoneso,themoneywillbepaidbythe(30)（）bank.
Ⅴ.TranslatethefollowingintoEnglish:(25%)
31.有形贸易指货物的进出口，而无形贸易指的是国家间的劳务交换。
32.如果投保的险别不是造成损失的直接原因，保险公司将不予赔偿。
33.尽管有很多好处，反向贸易可能是风险很大的事。
34.第二次世界大战后召开的布雷顿森林（BrettonWoods）会议创立了国际货币基金组织。
35.这些机构的共同目标是帮助发展中国家提高生活水平。
Ⅵ.TranslatethefollowingintoChinese:(15%)
36.
Havingenteredtheinternationalarena(舞台、领域),anMNCfacesahardtask.Itmustworrynotonlyabouthowtoovercomethecommunicationbarriers(culturaldifferences,distance,andenvironment)butalsohowtodealwiththedifferentlegalandtaxstructuresinthevariouscountries.AnMNCalsohastocopewithforeigncurrencysothatitcanprotectitsforeignassets.SomeotherproblemsanMNChastoconsiderare:howtosecurecontinuedaccesstoresources;howtoincreasemarketshareinviewofforeigncompetition;andhowtodealwithlaborlawsandantitrustlegislationbothathomeandabroa
D.
Thekeytosuccessiscontinuedaccesstonaturalresourcesaswellashumanresources.Continuousinnovationisalsonecessaryforsuccess.Thishelpstofightcompetition.Researchanddevelopmentisusuallycentralizedattheparentcompany,althoughsomeoccursatthesubsidiarylevel.
Ⅶ.AnswerthefollowingquestionsinEnglish:(15%)
37.Howwouldyoudefineinternationaltrade?Andwhydidinternationaltradefirstbegin?
38.Explainbrieflythedifferencebetweenasightdraftandausancedraft,andthedifferencebetweenacleandraftandadocumentarydraft.
