| importotherproductionexportprofitablehave emphasizesbutabsolutethanefficiencytheory |
Internationaltradeisoftenexplainedbythetheoryofcomparativeadvantage,alsocalledthecomparativecosttheory.This(21)（）wasdevelopedbyDavidRicardo,JohnStuartMill,and(22)（）economistsinthenineteenthcentury.Thetheory(23)（）thatdifferentcountriesorregionshavedifferent(24)（）possibilities.Atropicalclimateisbettersuitedforgrowingbananas(25)（）acoldon
E.AcountrylikeNorwaycouldproducebananasinhotstyle='font-family:宋体;mso-bidi-font-family:宋体'>houses,(26)（）itischeaperforNorwayto(27)（）bananasthantoproducethem.Thus,climateestablishesatradepatternbetweenanorthernandasoutherncountry.Inothercasestheavailabilityofnaturalresourcesmaybeatradefactor.
Thetheoryofcomparativecostpointsoutthattradebetweencountriescanbe(28)（）forall,evenifoneofthecountriescanproduceeverycommoditymorecheaply.Aslongasthereareminor,relativedifferencesinthe(29)（）ofproducingacommodity,eventhepoorcountrycan(30)（）acomparativeadvantageinproducingit.
V.TranslatethefollowingintoEnglish:(25%)
31.低收入国家的经济繁荣也会给发达国家带来好处。
32.世界贸易组织的目标之一是实现充分就业。
33.跨国公司的内部交换占整个国际贸易的一个很大的比例。
34.大多数公司宁可付已知的费用即保险费来转移风险，而不愿面对不确定的风险损失。
35.清洁提单是指提单上未加任何有关包装或货物外表不良的批注。
VI.TranslatethefollowingintoChinese:(15%)
36.
ThemostimportantorganizationthathelpseachcountrytohandlewithfinancialaffairsistheInternationalMonetaryFund(IMF).Itisaninstitutionaffiliatedwith(附属于)theUnitedNationsandsetupattheBrettonWoodsConferencein1944topromoteinternationalmonetarycooperation,facilitatetheexpandedandbalancedgrowthofinternationaltrade,promoteexchangestability,helpestablishamultilateralsystemofpaymentsforcurrenttransactionsamongmembers,andmakeavailabletomembersthefund’sresources.ThustheoverallaimoftheIMFistominimizeimbalancesintheinternationalbalanceofpaymentsofanyofitsmembersandtotidethemover(渡过困难)temporarydeficits.
AmemberwithabalanceofpaymentsdeficitcanborrowforeigncurrencyfromtheIMF.Muchlikeacommercialbank,theIMF,whichisbasedinWashington,
D.
C.,doesnotmakeunrestrictedloanstoanyon
E.Rather,itsloandecisionsaremadeaftercarefulnegotiationsconcerningchangesineconomicpolicythatmustbefollowedbythewould-beborrower.得分VII.AnswerthefollowingquestionsinEnglish:(15%)
37.Doyouthinkthattheletterofcreditasameansofpaymentisperfect?Whydoyouthinkso?
38.Whatisacontract?Whatmayhappenifacontractingpartyfailstofulfillhisobligations?
